S 2 ) Peri - Implantitis : a Case Report and Literature Review

Dental implants play an important role in restorative dentistry. However, the long term implant’s stability is subject on the integration between fixtures and the surrounding tissues. Microbia presented in the oral cavity seems to have a substantial impact on biofilm formation on newly placed implants (1). The natural flora of the mouth is composed of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria including bacterioides and gram negative (Streptococcus Mitis, Streptococcus Sanguinis and Streptococcus Oralis) that showed an high prevalence with periodontitis (2). Thus, it could be thought a transmission of putative periodontal pathogens from periodontal sites to implant sites. This event may be responsible for the development of peri-implantitis disease. Peri-implantitis has been defined as an inflammatory condition residing in the mucosa but also with the affection of the surrounding bone, taking into consideration the alveolar bone modeling occurring following implant placement (3). Several studies have been showed how the number of viable plaque forming bacteria was dependent on the surface properties of the implant material (4); on oral hard tissues Actinomyces species and Streptococci are considered to be early colonizers, that require more demanding growth conditions (5). These organisms require oxygen to grow (aerobic organisms) but at the same time develop more energy than the microorganisms that do not require it. The development of oral dysbiosis is likely to occur over an extended period of time, gradually changing the symbiotic host–microbe relationship to a pathogenic one. As peri-implantitis develops, the oral microbiota shifts from one consisting primarily of grampositive aerobes to one consisting primarily of gramnegative anaerobes. During this metamorphosis, the oral health of the host deteriorates until a state of clinical